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The Microsoft Enterprise including the type of workplace programs which are utilized in our everyday organization and area artwork. Introduction Analgesics are commonly prescribed medications used to alleviate pain of various aetiologies without affecting the patient’s consciousness. They interfere with the transmission of pain signals. A commonly used antiepileptic drug, sodium valproate has been used in various non-epileptic conditions like migraine prophylaxis and in the treatment of bipolar disorder because of the multiple mechanisms by which it acts. Docosahexanoic Acid (DHA), an omega 3 fatty acid, is known to possess analgesic activity. We planned a study to assess the effect of sodium valproate alone and in combination with DHA in rat models of pain. Materials and Methods For analgesic activity, A total of 48 adult Wistar albino rats were divided into eight groups of six rats each. Group I was control (distil water 1 ml/kg), Group II received intraperitoneal injection of tramadol (10 mg/kg), Group III, IV, V were injected intraperitoneal sodium valproate 100, 200, 400 mg/kg with distil water respectively and Group VI, VII, VIII were given sodium valproate 100, 200, 400 mg/kg plus DHA 300 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) respectively. Analgesic activity was assessed using hot plate, tail flick and acetic acid writhing models. Introduction Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are currently the most commonly prescribed drugs for treating pain and inflammation. They are indeed effective in managing painful inflammatory conditions like osteoathritis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis etc. However, they cause a number of side effects. The traditional NSAIDs usually cause gastrointestinal adverse effects on long term use and the selective Cyclooxygenase (COX2) inhibitors are known to possess dangerous cardiotoxic potential []. Opioid analgesics are the other group of drugs used for pain management with good effect. However, in patients with chronic pain opioids are rather avoided due to its addiction liability and abuse potential []. Researchers have been exploring various avenues to develop an ideal analgesic which is non-toxic as well as effective at the same time. A commonly used antiepileptic drug, sodium valproate has been used in various non-epileptic conditions like migraine prophylaxis and in the treatment of bipolar disorder because of the multiple mechanisms by which it acts []. Sodium valproate is an inhibitor of Histone Deacetylation (HDAC). Rat stroke models in the past have demonstrated the neuro-protective effect of valproate due to HDAC inhibition []. Fish oils contain omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentanoic acid and DHA). They have been shown in the past to reduce risk of developing conditions like hypertension, cardiac disease and cancer. They compete with arachidonic acid for enzymes like lipo-oxygenase and COX2 as a result inflammatory mediators are not formed. One more point to be noted is that they are natural products and are therefore unlikely to cause adverse effects when compared to the traditional drugs used to treat pain []. In view of these existing reports we initiated a study to evaluate the analgesic potential of sodium valproate and DHA supplementation using various experimental models in albino Wistar rats. Selection and Animal Handling Forty eight male albino Wistar healthy rats were selected for this study, which were locally bred in the Central Animal House of Manipal University, Manipal. These animals weighed 150 g to 200 g and they were around six months old, and were housed under controlled conditions with temperature of about 23±2°C, 50±5% humidity and 10-14 hour of light and dark cycle respectively. These animals were individually housed in poly propylene cages which contained paddy husk (procured locally) which was sterile, as bedding throughout the study and had easy access to animal chow (sterile food) and water ad libitum. This study was initiated after taking approval from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC/KMC/75/2014 dated August 22, 2014). The experiments were conducted in accordance to CPCSEA guidelines. More than 100 happy birthday song mp3 to download free, including happy birthday music for children, happy birthday song in Hindi, birthday songs for adults, funny happy birthday song etc. Funny Happy Birthday Song Download Free. Monkeys Sing Happy Birthday Song to You. It’s Your Birthday. Elmo Happy Birthday Song. Best Original Happy Birthday Song Mp3 Free Download In English – Free Download (With Singing) Festive Here is the original happy birthday song mp3 free download English. This is one of those songs that everyone will know and be used to. Happy birthday song free mp3. Evaluation of Analgesic Activity A total of 48 adult Wistar albino rats were divided into eight groups. Each group contained six rats. They were weighed and marked. Group I was control (distilled water 1 ml/kg), Group II received intraperitoneal injection of tramadol (10 mg/kg), Group III, IV, V were injected intraperitoneal sodium valproate 100, 200, 400 mg/kg dissolved with distilled water and Group VI, VII, VIII were given sodium valproate 100, 200, 400 mg/kg dissolved with distilled water along with DHA 300 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) respectively []. The dose of sodium valproate was chosen as 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg based on a study performed by Raza M et al., [].
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